ABSTRACT
Recovery of motor function after central nervous system (CNS) injury is dependent on the regeneration capacity of the nervous system, which is a multifactorial process influenced, among other things, by the role of neuromodulators such as serotonin. The neurotransmitter serotonin can promote neuronal regeneration but there are also reports of it causing restriction, so it is important to clarify these divergent findings in order to understand the direct scope and side effects of potential pharmacological treatments. We evaluated the effect of serotonin on the extent of neuritic outgrowth and morphology of three different neuronal types in the leech Haementeria officinalis during their regeneration in vitro: Retzius interneurons (Rz), annulus erector (AE) motoneurons, and anterolateral number 1 (AL1) CNS neurons. Neurons were isolated and cultured in L15 medium, with or without serotonin. Growth parameters were registered and quantified, and observed differences were analyzed. The addition of serotonin was found to induce AL1 neurons to increase their average growth dramatically by 8.3-fold (P=0.02; n=5), and to have no clear effect on AE motoneurons (P=0.44; n=5). For Rz interneurons, which normally do not regenerate their neurites, the addition of concanavaline-A causes substantial growth, which serotonin was found to inhibit on average by 98% (P=0.02; n=5). The number of primary neurites and their branches were also affected. These results reveal that depending on the neuronal type, serotonin can promote, inhibit, or have no effect on neuronal regeneration. This suggests that after CNS injury, non-specific pharmacological treatments affecting serotonin may have different effects on different neuronal populations.
Subject(s)
Animals , Serotonin/pharmacology , Central Nervous System/cytology , Neurites/drug effects , Leeches/drug effects , Motor Neurons/drug effects , Nerve Regeneration/drug effects , Concanavalin A/pharmacology , Neuronal Plasticity/drug effectsABSTRACT
Central nervous system of reptiles has the ability to grow and regenerate during adult life of the animal. Therefore, cells creating CNS of this animal class should compound substances or molecules enabling neuroregeneration. Cells directly involved in this process have not been clearly characterized, especially in cell culture environment. Morphology of reptilian glial adherent cells should be known better to find any differences from mammalian CNS cells. We isolated glial cells from olfactory bulb and cerebrum from gecko (Eublepharis macularius) and cultured separately. We have observed populations of cells with proliferative capacity in both types of cultures. Also, we have detected lipid molecules deposits within their cytoplasm, which localization was correlated with mitochondria position. This information can be helpful in searching new bioactive substances involved in regeneration of central nervous system.
El sistema nervioso central de los reptiles tiene la capacidad de crecer y regenerarse durante la vida adulta del animal. Por lo tanto, las células de SNC creadas de esta clase de animales deberían componerse de sustancias o moléculas que permiten la neuroregeneración. Las células que participan directamente en este proceso no han sido claramente caracterizadas, especialmente en el entorno de cultivo celular. La morfología de las células adherentes gliales de reptiles deben ser reconocidas y diferenciarse respecto a las células del SNC de mamíferos. Se aislaron células gliales del bulbo olfatorio y el cerebro del Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) y se cultivaron por separado. Se observaron poblaciones de células con capacidad proliferativa en ambos tipos de cultivos. Además, se detectaron moléculas de depósitos lipídicos dentro de su citoplasma, y su localización se correlacionó con la posición de las mitocondrias. Esta información puede ser útil en la búsqueda de nuevas sustancias bioactivas que participan en la regeneración del sistema nervioso central.
Subject(s)
Animals , Lizards/anatomy & histology , Neuroglia/physiology , Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/growth & development , Cell Culture Techniques , NeurogenesisABSTRACT
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPAR-alpha is involved in wound healing, stimulation of lipid and folic acid catabolism, inflammation control, inhibition of ureagenesis and peroxisome proliferation. The PPAR/ is involved wound healing, cell proliferation, embryo implantation, adipocyte differentiation, myelination alteration and apoptosis. The PPAR is involved in fat, lipid and calorie utilization, sugar control, inflammation control and macrophage (MQ) matutation. Homocysteine (Hcy) binds to nuclear peroxisome proliferator activated receptor. Increase in PPAR expression decreases the level of nitrotyrosine and increases endothelial nitric oxide concentration, decreases metalloproteinase activity and expression as well as elastinolysis and reverses Hcy-mediated vascular dysfunction. The PPAR initially recognized as a regulator of adipocyte development has become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diverse disorders. In addition, the activation of PPAR receptor ameliorates neurodegenerative disease. This review focuses on the recent knowledge of PPAR in neuroprotection and deals with the mechanism of neuroprotection of central nervous system disorder by PPAR.
Subject(s)
Animals , Brain Ischemia/metabolism , Brain Ischemia/pathology , Brain Ischemia/therapy , Cell Death , Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Central Nervous System/pathology , Cytoprotection , Humans , Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism , Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/pathology , Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism , PPAR gamma/metabolismABSTRACT
Distúrbios no processo de neurogênese têm sido correlacionados com diferentes patologias, como doenças neurodegenerativas, epilepsia, síndrome de Down e depressão. Nessa revisão, discute se o envolvimento de células-tronco neurais e neuroprogenitores ao longo do desenvolvimento e maturação do sistema nervoso. São destacadas a relevância dessas células ao funcionamento do sistema nervoso central nos contextos fisiológico e patológico, bem como novas estratégias terapêuticas baseadas na modulação da neurogênese pós-natal.
Subject(s)
Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy , Neurons/cytology , Stem Cells , Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/physiologyABSTRACT
O Nucleopolyhedrovirus é um vírus que infecta uma série de insetos, como o bicho-da-seda, Bombyx mori (L.). Um isolado geográfico do vírus, o Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus múltiplo (BmMNPV), foi utilizado para se analisar a citopatologia em células do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de lagartas de B. mori. O BmMNPV foi inoculado experimentalmente e segmentos do tecido nervoso foram processados para microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Células do SNC (nervosas, gliais e do perineuro) revelaram indícios de infecção no 5° dia pós-inoculação com o BmMNPV, cujas características citopatológicas foram: hipertrofia nuclear, presença do estroma virogênico, onde são sintetizados os virions, e formação dos poliedros. Não foi observada lise das células do SNC infectadas, uma característica das infecções pelo NPV; contudo, poliedros maduros foram evidenciados em espaços nos gânglios e conectivos nervosos. Esses poliedros possivelmente são oriundos das traquéias que penetram no sistema nervoso, e suas células, susceptíveis ao BmMNPV, sofrem lise após infecção. Os resultados indicam, ainda, que o sistema traqueal é responsável pela dispersão da infecção causada pelo BmMNPV no SNC de lagartas de B. mori. Neste sentido, os ramos que formam o sistema traqueal possibilitam o rompimento da barreira hemolinfa/sistema nervoso, permitindo que os virions tenham acesso 'a matriz extracelular do SNC e, conseqüentemente, às suas células constituintes.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bombyx/virology , Nucleopolyhedroviruses , Cells/virology , Central Nervous System/cytology , DNA Virus InfectionsABSTRACT
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed neuroactive drugs, coming mostly from everyday beverages such as coffee and tea. To investigate whether caffeine induces apoptosis in the central nervous system, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, flow cytometric analysis, DNA fragmentation assay, and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed on SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells. Cells treated with caffeine at concentrations as high as 10 mM exhibited several characteristics of apoptosis. In addition, caffeine was shown to increase the caspase-3 activity. These results suggest that high-dose of caffeine induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells, probably by increasing the caspase-3 enzyme activity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis/drug effects , Caffeine/toxicity , Caspase 3 , Caspases/metabolism , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Central Nervous System/cytology , DNA Fragmentation , Neuroblastoma/enzymology , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
The central nervous system (CNS) midline plays an important role in growth and guidance of axons. At the midline, a multiplicity of cell types establish boundaries that control the navigation of crossed and uncrossed axonal fibers. The extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules of the resident neuroepithelial or committed neuronal of glial cells could be involved in the control of axon growth and axon guidance. This review reports the recent advances in the study of the structure and functional role of the ECM at the midline locus of the CNS. In vivo and in vitro approaches are considered to provide new clues in the understanding of processes involved in the cellular decisions of the CNS midline.
Subject(s)
Humans , Collagen/metabolism , Extracellular Matrix/metabolism , Fibronectins/metabolism , In Vitro Techniques , Laminin/metabolism , Mesencephalon/cytology , Neurites/ultrastructure , Neuroglia/metabolism , Tenascin/metabolism , Central Nervous System/cytology , Mesencephalon/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Se presenta el reporte de un caso clinico de un quiste hidatidico de localizacion espinal extra-dural a nivel toracico, con la presentacion clinica apariencia radiologica, el tratamiento quirurgico y la apariencia histologica de la lesion
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/blood supply , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Central Nervous System/pathology , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/complications , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/diagnosis , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/physiopathology , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/metabolism , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/pathology , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/prevention & control , Myelography/adverse effects , Myelography/history , Myelography/standards , EchinococcusABSTRACT
El factor de crecimiento neuronal (FCN), miembro de la familia de las neurotrofinas, es una proteína que desempeña un papel decisivo en la sobrevivencia y metabolismo de las neuronas colinérgicas del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Debido a que el sistema colinérgico del SNC ha sido involucrado en los procesos de aprendizaje y memoria, durante la última década se han puesto en práctica varios procedimientos experimentales con la finalidad de administrar el FCN en el SCN. Simultáneamente se han registrado importantes avances en el conocimiento de las características inherentes a la estructura así como a los mecanismos de acción y biosíntesis de esta molécula. La presente revisión intenta mostrar un panorama global acerca del estado actual de las investigaciones en torno a estos temas
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System/cytology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Fibroblast Growth Factors/chemical synthesis , Fibroblast Growth Factors/physiology , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/physiologyABSTRACT
De 200 casos de tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central, 14 (7 por ciento) resultaron tumores de células germinales, histológicamente 11 de ellos fueron germinomas, dos teratomas inmaduros con áreas de coroacarcinoma y tumor de senos endodérmicos (TI-C-TSE) y un teratoma maduro. Las manifestaciones clínicas iniciales fueron de tipo neuronal y endocrinológicas: hidrocefalia (57 por ciento) de campo visual (50 por ciento), ataxia y signos piramidales (43 por ciento), convulsiones (43 por ciento), paresias de pares craneános (36 por ciento), signo de Parinaud (21 por ciento), atrofia óptica 14 por ciento; hiperprolactinemia (43 por ciento), talla baja (43 por ciento), diabetes insípida (43 por ciento), pubertad precoz, hipotiroidismo e insuficiencia adrenal (7 por ciento) respectivamente. Las tomografías computarizadas de cráneo (TCC) evidenciaron el proceso tumoral en el 100 por ciento de los casos, contrastando con las radiografías simples de cráneo que sólo lo mostraron en el 36 por ciento de los casos. El tratamiento en todos fue cirugía y radioterapia sólo uno recibió quimioterapia, el TI-C.TSE con metástasis pulmonar. Concluimos que los germinomas deberán recibir radioterapia como tratamiento inicial. Es imprescindible la TCC, la búsqueda de células exfoliativas en líquido cefalorraquídeo y marcadores tumorales para el diagnóstico, así como las determinaciones hormonales necesarias
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Tomography , Central Nervous System/cytology , Nervous System Neoplasms/physiopathology , Germ Cells/pathology , Cerebrospinal Fluid/cytologyABSTRACT
Estudiamos la unión específica de la 18-hidroxicorticosterona (18-OH-B) a fracciones nucleares y citoplasmáticas de células provenientes de bulbo, protuberancia, amígdala, pituitaria anterior, hipotálamo, hipocampo, área preóptica y pulmón de animales adrenalectomizados, después de incubar los tejidos con el ligando radiactivo. Encontramos que 18-OH-B tiene una mayor unión específica a núcleos obtenidos de bulbo y protuberancia; este perfil difiere de observaciones previas en las que otros corticosteroide íntimamente relacionados, como la corticosterona y la aldosterona, se encuentran principalmente concentrados en el sistema límbico